There are many perspectives through which sport can be viewed. There are many perspectives through which sport can be viewed. Through socialization, people develop ideas about themselves and about those with whom they interact. Special status is ascribed to particular sporting traditions and particular leagues. In addition to sociology, researchers whose work is perhaps more recognized as belonging to other mainstream social The sociology of sport has also experienced the same type of fragmentation as mainstream sociology in the last 30 years. Second, sports were assumed to be institutionalized competitive activities that involve physical exertion and the use of physical skills by individuals motivated by a combination of personal enjoyment and external rewards (Coakley 1990). Sociology of Sport: The Ideals of Sport as a Reflection of Society Sport has become a central part of society, introduced to children at a young age and often continuing to be part of a …

Whether it’s mentally, physically or spiritually, sport has a big impact on anyone’s life, especially, to the average sport fan. Shilling (1993) affirmed that the athletic body was an important part of this field of study, and Pronger’s (2002) book Body Fascism: Salvation in the Technology of Physical The emphasis on gender relations from a feminist perspective spurred male scholars to begin to consider gender relations from a masculine perspective. Besides cultural anthropology and its interest in games in the human culture, one of the first efforts to think about sports in a more general way was Johan Huizinga's Homo Ludens or Thorstein Veblen's Theory of the Leisure Class. Consequently, their research has come to focus more on the connections between sports and systems of power and privilege and the changes needed to involve more people in the determination of what sports can and should be in society.These scholars used an alternative approach to defining sports that revolved around two questions: What gets to count as a sport in a group or society? It examines how culture and values influence sports, how sports influences culture and values, and the relationship between sports and the media, politics, economics, religion, race, gender, youth, etc. Those who disliked sports as children are unlikely to become involved as adults, while those who loved sports are likely to participate throughout their lives. More recent studies of urban space relate primarily to stadium construction, and this resulted in a rich body of work from a political economy perspective (e.g., Lipsitz 1984; Ingham, Howell, and Schilperoort 1987; Kidd 1995). The prevailing view of sport in most countries where the sociology of sport was developing was that “sport reflects society”/“sport is a mirror (or microcosm) of society.” Functionalism and positivism provided a comfortable, if somewhat contradictory, fit for physical educators in the sociology of sport: Adopting a functionalist approach permitted them to “find support for the so-called ‘social development’ objectives of physical education” (Kenyon 1969:172), to identify the functions of sport, exercise, and recreation, and to determine how sport functioned to socialize individuals to set goals, maintain discipline, manage aggression, and adapt to change (Parsons’s four-system needs); adopting a positivist approach fitted well with the newly scientized departments of physical education, but scientific “objectivity” was compromised by seeking functionality and becoming what Kenyon (1969) termed “evangelist[s] for exercise” (p. 172).However, this was also the 1960s, when both sociology and Western society were beginning to experience radical changes. Journalists have noted and sociologists have investigated the overrepresentation of African Americans in some sports (basketball, boxing, track) and their underrepresentation in others (polo, swimming, yachting). The thesis came to be considered as an accurate and dynamic but partial attempt to characterize the relationship between sport and society.The reproduction thesis describes a dynamic, but one-way relationship between sport and society. Some prefer to see themselves as scientific experts who do research on questions of organization and efficiency, while others prefer to see themselves as facilitators or even agents of cultural transformation whose research gives a voice to and empowers people who lack resources or have been pushed to the margins of society. Early socialization into sports is the best predictor of lifelong involvement in sports. This research fulfilled a number of Luschen’s (1975) predictions, not only adding to the body of knowledge and contributing to “middle range” theory development but also contributing to social policy and to the “understanding” of sports personnel. Although the “reflection” thesis was an accurate description of the relationship between sport and society and persists even today in the way some sociology of sport courses are taught, it had no interpretive or explanatory power with regard to that relationship. Young cricket players are often eager to bowl and bat in England; aspiring football players dream of a career in Germany’s Bundesliga. Feminist critiques (e.g., Hart 1976) led eventually in the United States to the inclusion of sport in Title IX, the Educational Amendments to the Civil Rights Act, in 1972, and subsequently to This critique of sport was anticipated by neo-Marxist scholars in France and Germany (e.g.,Vinnai 1973; Brohm 1978; Rigauer 1981), but their work did not become available in English until later (cf. It attacks any claim of superior knowledge and thereby removes all justification for the existence of social science as a distinctive enterprise.

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